Private Life on Social Networking Sites Essay

Social networking sites can be defined as an online platform where people create their own profiles, share them with the public, and communicate with other users on the Internet. The increasing popularity of these sites affects our lives in many aspects and the most important one is the privacy issue. It can easily be observed that social networking sites are a real threat for the user’s personal privacy. First of all, there are some threats arising from security vulnerability on social networking sites. Generally, users give a lot of personal information to become a member of these sites and it is easy to access this information for hackers and identity thieves. For example identity thieves who could gain very private information such as birth name and date, addresses, phone numbers and relationship status on social networking sites can verify themselves as being the profile owner. Therefore, they can access the users’ credit card number and steal their money easily. Moreover, identity thieves cause not only loss of money but also loss of personal respect and good name. They can use the information to communicate with users’ other friends in order to obtain their information too. Rebecca Sweeny (2011) summarizes that users’ lack of awareness of sharing information helps hackers and identity thieves to steal their money and damage good names. (as cited in Acquisti& Gross, 2006) The second threat arising from security vulnerabilities is marketing companies’ accessibility to users’ information without permission. For instance, spamming the users with unsolicited advertising contents can be annoying in most cases. Furthermore, the companies sometimes obtain personal information and spread them with other companies and individuals in order to make advertisements more effective. Secondly, people share very private information on social networking sites, as Nico Reiher(2009) mentions, â€Å" If the receiver of the information is not trustworthy, the user does not have a chance to track or remove this information back into trustworthy hands.† causes some serious troubles. Firstly, people tend to announce where they are at that moment and what they are doing, therefore, they share real-time location based information on social networking sites. To illustrate, people who share their locations and especially notify others that they are not at home on social networking sites such as Foursquare, provide an opportunity to thieves to rob their houses. In addition, Facebook which is the most popular and preferred social networking sites, also enables people to share that much private information with the â€Å"check-in† application. Secondly, sharing awkward and embarrassing information or political views on social networking sites lead to trouble in people’s social and professional lives. For example, some companies prefer to look to social networking sites in order to get information about prospective employees. According to SNAPR project team, â€Å"Even future employers,†¦, may be able to view your posted information and draw specific conclusion about you as an individual, which could have the negative effects. â€Å" Moreover, disgraceful posts on users’ profile which can be seen also by instructors or bosses will cause loss of reputation in educational or business lives. Those who are not in favor of this opinion seem to believe that social networking sites are safe and information is inaccessible for the public. They think that there are some restrictive privacy settings which allow users to specify who can see their information and profiles. Moreover, there are firewalls which help to prevent users’ information from hackers and identity thieves. Although it may be true to a certain extent, this claim is not strong enough, because these settings are not default without users’ knowledge. Generally, users are not fully informed about privacy issues and share all information without any restriction. In addition, they are unaware of how much information they share to the public. There is not any explanation about the amount of the disseminative information. To sum up, the users’ unawareness of the privacy settings on social networking sites and their insensibility on this issue cause a lot of troubles. In addition, digital information’s easy accessibility and fast spreading also pose a danger for users’ privacy. In order to prevent people from these threats, improving the privacy settings and informing them completely should be the major precautions. References Reiher, N.(2009). Privacy on social networking sites and its impact on computer-mediated communication. Retrieved April 9,2012, from http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/154916/privacy- on-social-network-sites-and-its-impact-on-computer-mediated-communication SNAPR Methodology project team. Dear social networking user: Are you at risk? Retrieved April 9,2012, from socialrisk.weebly.com/index.html Sweeny,R.(2011). Social networking sites; More harm than good? Retrieved April 9,2012, from http://networkconference.netstudies.org/2011/04/social-networking-sites-more-harm-than- good/

Portraying the Carpe diem Theme through Poetry Essay

The two poems, Robert Herrick’s To The Virgins, To Make Much of Time and Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress, both employ the â€Å"carpe diem† (seize the day) theme. Using both stock and original imageries, they effectively send the message across the reader that Time runs and keeps running so that one should enjoy the pleasures of love and romance while in one’s youth. However, the manners in which the two poets express this theme differ from each other. The tone, metaphors and other poetic devices present in the two poems convey varied effects to the mind of the readers as to how the carpe diem theme should be considered. Herrick’s poem is the simpler and more urgent of the two. Throughout the 16 lines comprising the piece, Herrick consistently paints through his metaphors the image of impending death and loss thus creating the sense of urgency in favor of his cause, which is for the virgins, to whom he is addressing the poem, to get married while they are young. The images of â€Å"Old Time†¦a-flying (line 2) followed by a â€Å"flower (that) smiles today/ Tomorrow will be dying (lines 3-4)† both allude to the temporariness of beauty and youth. In contrast, To His Coy Mistress is a more complex way of expounding the theme. While Marvell also exhorts the woman, by whom the poem is being addressed to, to hurry and seize the available opportunities while she is still young, there is a tone of hopefulness and optimism accompanying the sense of urgency. The poet begins by presenting hyperboles as to how he would like his love to be—growing through time, from â€Å"ten years before the Flood†¦Till the conversion of the Jews (lines 8 and 10). He would like to leisurely enjoy the romantic experience, spending â€Å"An hundred years†¦to praise/ Thine eyes†¦Two hundred to adore each breast,/ But thirty thousand to the rest (lines 13-16). † He states that the reason for this is that his lover â€Å"deserve this state/ Nor would I love at lower rate (lines 19-20). † Only in the second stanza does Marvell present the carpe diem case by presenting a similar personification of Time present in Herrick’s poem. In Marvell’s Time rides a â€Å"winged chariot hurrying near (line 22). † He follows this with frightening imageries of death such as how, if the woman keeps resisting, in the end â€Å"worms shall try/ That long preserved virginity (lines 27-28). † This sudden shift from beautiful romantic metaphors in the first stanza to the images of death in the second stanza actually makes the theme more effective and urgent to the reader. The shock element of death makes the young reader consider the theme and really hurry to enjoy love’s pleasures while it is too late. Finally, while Herrick’s poem suggests that life and love is only worth it â€Å"when youth and blood are warmer/ But being spent, the worse (lines 10-11)†, suggesting that everything is downhill after youth, Marvell thinks that love is a consolation for humans against the ravages of Time. The final lines, â€Å"Though we cannot make our sun/ Stand still, yet we will make him run (lines 45-46)†, suggest that although death is inevitable, loving is a way by which we can forget thinking about old age and death. Carpe diem poems all seek to send the same message to the reader: to grab the opportunities present in youth for once these are gone, they can never be reclaimed nor repeated. Herrick and Marvell both wrote poems to illustrate this point using varied metaphors like the personification of Time rushing by, the rising and dying of the Sun and other temporal objects like flowers and birds. Herrick’s poem is the classic carpe diem poem, urging the reader to enjoy youth and make much of it because everything is temporary, while Marvell incorporates an additional point about how seizing love during one’s youth is a way to distract one from thinking about how temporary youth is in one’s life.

Chinese Parenting Style

Amy Chua, a ‘tiger mom’, shared her Chinese parenting style with the public through publishing book and writing article. Her harsh and rigid parenting style raised lots of discussion and concern around the public. They all raise a question- this parenting style can help children to succeed in the future? I think it may not be that easy to raise a child with harsh parenting style. To a large extent, I disagree the harsh parenting style equal a better future of the child. First we have to define what ‘tiger mom’ is.It is a Chinese parenting style that harshly and toughly pushes their children to meet their target or expectation, usually in the aspect of academic. In my opinion, better future includes better physical and mental health, wealth. According to a research which is done by Desiree Baolian Qin, a professor in the department of human development and family studies at Michigan State University, Chinese-American kids were more disadvantageous concerning levels of anxiety and depression and the amount of conflict in their families when comparing European-American kids.The parents do not care what their children’s feeling and perception is. The parents use their authority to push their children. There is a high possibility of conflict between different expectation from parents and children. As sometimes parents have high expectation to children, this put large amount of pressure on children. So, it triggers a certain level of anxiety of children. These combination make children become low self- esteem. Although they will become a profession in the future, they have a bad relationship and a negative impression on parents.Also, tough parenting style will affect children’s communication skill that largely relate to better future. Like popular tiger parent Amy Chua, she does not allow her daughter to stay at school to play with friends after school. A key concept of schooling is developing students’ social and commun ication skills. Parents do not let their children to go out but follow their tied schedule. The children will become not sociable. In workplace, there are not just apply professional skills but also communication and social skills that help people to promote to upper managerial level and work ffectively. Therefore, tiger mom is not equal to a better future. However, a coin has two sides, although Chinese parenting style is very mean, it has certain advantages on children’s future. Focusing on effort but not inherent ability is a feature or advantage of Chinese parenting style. Also, it is the key of distinguishing American and Chinese parenting style. Amy Chua doesn’t let her kids believe they can’t succeed. The style nurtures the children with inculcating the concept of working hard. It pushes children to limit to attain the goal which is set by their parents.This let the children realize that they can make it when working hard. It gradually develops their self confidence and determination to attain a goal. It is well prepared for future to work with colleagues. He or she will become a hard working and determined person in workplace. These are crucial feature of high position in management level. So, a tiger mom equals a better future in this way. Moreover, although parents giving lots of pressure on children will make the relationship tight, it trains children AQ when living and working under pressure.Adversity Quotient (AQ) is the ability of a person to deal with problems. Chinese parenting style harshly push children to achieve certain goals which is not easy to attain. In this time, children have to think of some ways to cope with the problems to satisfy their parents’ desire. As a result, the skills of problem solving are significant in workplace and also live independently. However, this style will largely effect children emotion when there is high possibility that conflict between children and parents.Even some kids have bee n diagnosed of mood disorder. This largely affects the relationship between parents and children and causes apparently mentally unhealthy. So, this is a better future for a child. In conclusion, I admit Chinese parenting style improves children ability of problems solving and develops their determination mind that give them a better future and achievement. However, the parenting style is tremendously rigid to a kid that easily harms their esteem and destroys family relationship.It will give a negative memory in their mind, even get an unrecoverable wound in their heart. Even though their future is bright and recognized, they have negative feeling and history in their mind that I am not notice as ‘better future’. Thus, I disagree a tiger mom equals a better future in a small extent. Reference list: http://www. livescience. com/18023-tiger-parenting-tough-kids. html http://www. raisesmartkid. com/all-ages/1-articles/47-authoritarian-strict-parenting-vs-permissive-which-is -better

Globalisation of ICTs- Positive and Negative Impacts Essay

Globalisation of ICTs- Positive and Negative Impacts - Essay Example ICTs have been implemented by a number of nations with the view to promote their economic and social development. ICTs have proved to be the most beneficial in promoting equity and social justice, overall development of the nation, empowering the youth and the disadvantaged groups. The system has proved to extremely beneficial in ways of processing data at a fast speed. This saves much of the human effort. Human beings lose concentration and get tired of undertaking repetitive tasks. Machinery can perform the same task more efficiently with double speed saving much of the human effort (Ministry of Information and Communications, 2006, p.5). ICTs are increasingly linked to organizational value. But it has been criticised on a number of grounds. Research has been conducted to examine the role of ICTs in a more integrated manner. Current research has shown that ICTs have benefitted organizations in a positive way. â€Å"ICTs have value to organizational advantage† (Rastrick & Cor ner, 2010, p.2). Resource Based Advantage (RBA) asserts that owning and controlling strategic resources determines whether organizations will earn better profits as compared to others. RBA also ensures that certain combination of resources adds to the competitive advantage of organizations. These resources constitute market orientation, innovation, entrepreneurship and also organizational learning. ICTs have played a huge role in enhancing efficiencies of the above resources to a considerable extent.  

Creating Marketing Plan for Online Service Essay

Creating Marketing Plan for Online Service - Essay Example The growing popularity and expected growth with online e-commerce and services offers even more opportunities for creating the right marketing plan for the online service. Tools for Marketing The first approach taken for the online marketing plan is based on growing in search engines. On average, 48% of individuals find the online services by looking at search engines. The approach taken is to build a strong online presence through Google, Yahoo and MSN, the three leading areas that are able to provide opportunities for searching online. The approach to creating a presence on the Internet begins with keywords and tags that come from a website. This is furthered with building links that move back to the website and which are able to provide different alternatives for the website. The approach taken will be associated with the algorithm used by search engines, specifically which read the online website. The algorithm combines the amount of traffic with the given links and keywords to c ategorize and create an area of where the website should be categorized. By using this as a part of the marketing plan, it will become easier to develop a relevant approach to the online presence through the use of the search engines (Aakar, Kumar, 2008). While there are relevant aspects that are associated with the search engines, it is also necessary to reach indirect and direct traffic through a variety of tactics. An approach which has grown in the past years is based on the use of Web 2.0 and social media. The Web 2.0 and social media aspects are able to work toward finding indirect traffic and creating an image that allows individuals to go to the website for the services. Using options such as Twitter, Facebook and other social media allow for more interactions and opportunities for the services. The Web 2.0 alternatives are combined with interactions, reviews and dynamic content that is able to provide even more options for search engines. The communication and interaction t hat is a part of the Web 2.0 applications then create a different level of communication which can be used for the online services (Shankar, 2009). The approach with Web 2.0 and social media is one which is followed by direct interactions with potential and loyal customers. Direct marketing is able to provide even more alternatives to the online marketing while creating even more options for the online marketing. Email, newsletters, promotional offers and continuous contact with those that are interested in the business offers even more information and insight to the customers which are interested in the business. The approach taken is one which is based on customer led options. This allows customers to determine what the nature of the services or products should be. Combining this with insight into developments and new opportunities will assist in creating more customer interactions. By doing this, there is the ability to have interactions, loyalty and the ability to meet the consu mer demands that are available through the online portals (Gay, Charlesworth, 2007). Developing a Marketing Mix The various tools which are used with the online marketing are combined with the specific approaches to ensuring that the

Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and Safety - Essay Example Another recommendation was the Deregulation Unit was required to work on guide by the end of 1993 on formulation and implementation of EC law in the UK. Member states indeed have a delay experience on the state of implementation of EU law in transposition of directive as shown by statistics. There is usually an incomplete or incorrect transposition as indicated by statistics of infringement proceedings. In 2002-2005, there has been transposition and application of directive cases up to 78 per cent of them initiated by the European Union against Member States. This indicates very clearly that a problem is experienced by Member States in determining the national method of implementation to give effect to directives. (Hall, Smith and Tsukalis, 2001) Better Regulation Task Force has always urged the UK government on the need for a better and regulatory impact assessment since the problem of "gold plating" is still continuing. The European Commission impact assessments that are supposed to be attached to their legislative proposals are not comprehensive. In addition to the financial impact of the business, it is recommended that their scope is supposed to be extended to require social and environmental impact assessment.

Sysco BI Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sysco BI - Case Study Example At Sysco, the main problem that might arise after the implementation of business intelligence is that the information that is provided is too small of what is actually required by the firm in order to function. Moreover at many times, the user may not at all be requiring the past data as the market is volatile and is subjected to frequent changes. The obstacle can be that Sysco will require more number of users for implementation and there are huge license fees for the set up of the software. Moreover the other difficulty that it will face is that a number of the companies already have small scale intelligence application and Sysco had decentralized IT structure which if the companies try to uninstall would be very time consuming and costly. It will therefore muddle the already existing commercial setting. Why did Sysco decide initially to address only two questions with its new BI software rather than use it as a more general analysis tool? Why did Business Objects recommend this approach? What are the tradeoffs? Answer: Initially only two questions were taken into consideration as both the questions were quite predictive and forward looking. It is also to be noted that one question deals with the products that is to be delivered to the customer and the other question deals with the customers. The answer provided to the question covers all the important aspects like competitors, customer satisfaction, customer services, customer profile that is the key to success for any firm. Moreover it is felt that initially during the implementation phase the company should focus only on the software, users and the training on answering the questions. The answer to the question was good enough to serve the customer in the better way and also it proved how good ‘Business Object’ can be at delivering the best product to Sysco. The various capabilities of Business Intelligence are Dashboards, Extraction, Data mining, Ad hoc querying and reporting,

The Role of Computers in Industrial Espionage Research Paper

The Role of Computers in Industrial Espionage - Research Paper Example is, sharing sensitive information with suitable parties while protecting that information against competitors, suppliers, vandals, foreign governments, and customers. The attempt to gain access to a company’s plans, products and clients’ information, and whatever trade secrets are, is considered as industrial espionage. It describes activities such as theft of a business formula, practices, processes, design, instrument, pattern, or any vital information which is generally not accessible because these give the company leverage from competitors. Some other acts associated to this are bribery, blackmail, and technological surveillance. Intellectual property crimes are grave offenses in their own right, â€Å"not because they inflict physical injury or death upon a person, but rather because they steal creative work from its owner.† (Nasheri,) It is inevitable that a company aspires to know the business moves of a rival business and this has been the primary concern of some of the largest companies in the world. They have an annual budget and pool of people to handle these concerns. While it is true that to â€Å"survive in tod ay’s cutthroat business environment, [one] must be properly armed. And one of the most important arrows in the businessman’s quiver is accurate knowledge of his competitors and business environment – in other words, detailed knowledge of the enemy and the terrain of the battlefield,† (Rustmann, 2004) it is however unfortunate that commonly this said conduct is illegal. Oftentimes, rival companies will browse through public records in order to pre-empt actions about another company. However, when the search becomes private, industrial espionage is an unlawful act and punishable with financial penalties and sometimes jail time. Furthermore, this may lead businesses to bankruptcy and also affect the ties of friendly nations for when it already surpasses national boundaries it can make allied nations momentarily are indecisive and doubt

Financial Hedging and Its Instruments Research Paper

Financial Hedging and Its Instruments - Research Paper Example This report evaluates the financial instruments in light of the risk management system of three different companies. A personal view has been given after the analysis part. However, there have been certain constraints while conducting the analysis, as companies do not prefer to reveal much about their positions in hedging instruments. The financial crisis of the 1990s created enormous disruption and imposed huge costs of lost output in a number of emerging market economies. The crisis was particularly painful as local organisations had to face large exchange rate or interest rate risk with insufficient hedging possibilities. At this time, as the market was quite illiquid, even the massive undervaluation of assets was unable to attract foreign investors. This was the consequence of the companies’ inability to hedge certain types of market risks. As a consequence, the prospective benefits of global financial market integration were not fully exploited. However, over the past few years, the markets for hedging have expanded in size and scope. The establishment of bond and spot foreign exchange markets and derivative products has helped to enhance the hedging processes. The ever-growing significance of the hedging instruments has been established by the fact that trading activities in the futures market on cash instruments have been larger than the conducts in the underlying cash market. These days a number of instruments have been used to hedge the assets and commodity price risks. However, the fundamental structures of these instruments are kept almost same across all financial markets (Mathieson, â€Å"Development of Market Based Hedging Instruments†). Many organisations buy insurance against a wide range of hazards on their assets. By purchasing insurance, the companies pass on the risk to the insurance company; this is done for a certain amount of insurance premium. However, the risks, covered by these kinds of financial instruments, have less probability of occurrence as compared to other financial risks.  Ã‚  

Chapters 11-16 of the novel Essay Example for Free

Chapters 11-16 of the novel Essay Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley in the late 17th century which depicts a story about a scientist in Geneva who becomes obsessed with creating life. In his journey he comes across some notes of a professor in which specific notions on creating a living creature are contained. With these notes and his wild imagination Frankenstein puts together parts of corpses and revolutionises science by successfully creating a living creature. However, all is not merry, as Frankenstein realises his creation is disparate to human beings but that he has transformed what was once a dead corpse into a wretched monster. After abandoning his creation and later trying to kill it so as to cover up his unworthy work, Frankenstein effectively drives the monster out of his lab to fend for himself. At the end of Chapter 10 the reader is given Frankensteins view of his creation; he says breathless horror and disgust filled my heart at this very point we begin to see Frankensteins dream to create life disappear and the reader is left feeling as horrified and disgusted as Frankenstein, towards the monster. Frankenstein continues his horrid reaction by stating a thing such as Dante could not have conceived this phrase puts to light the actual horror of the monster because Frankenstein states that even Dante, a fantasist of evil, was not able to come up with such a creation. In Chapters 11 to 16 of the novel we see the epic voyage through the eyes of the monster as Shelley adopts the persona of the monster. Shellys portrayal of the monster in this distinguished technique helps us to better understand what the monster thinks and how his emotions change as he becomes more conscious of himself and his surroundings. Our feelings towards the monster change significantly and we begin to see a very different and unexpected side of him. The monster begins by telling us about his first memory of himself; he says that a strange multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt, heard and smelt at the same time this portrays the monster as a new born baby learning about the simple senses that all humans use. As the monster introduces us to his first day in the woods he says that I felt tormented by hunger and thirst this illustrates the monster as a normal person who has to feed himself to live. Also the monster tells us feeling pain invade me on all sides, I sat down and wept here we are able to distinctively see that the monster is no more different than a small child as both cry when they seem to find no remedy for their pain. Also we are introduced to the feelings of the monster which come to play a very important role in his later life. As we become more learned about the monsters feelings and actions we are presented by the more intellectual and able side. He begins by telling as that he is able to distinguish between insects and herbs and continues to show how rapidly he is able to learn by differentiating one herb from another. This shows the immense intellect of the monster and also makes the reader more attached since there becomes a similarity between the monster and humans. The monster tells us that he began also to observe, with greater accuracy, the forms that surrounded me this shows that the monster is able to process his sight with major accuracy and is able to learn about his surroundings easily. He continues to say my mind received every day additional ideas now we are able to understand that the monster has the ability of thought and has an imagination, the one attribute that differentiates humans from all other creatures. As we continue we see that the monster is able to learn physically from its mistakes, I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain this once again represents the human like intellect of the monster being able to assess mistakes so as not to repeat it again. Furthermore, the monster inhabits the nature of cooking as he experiments with his newly found fire, he begins to see that the berries were spoiled from this operation, and the nuts and roots much improved. The actual mental intellectual ability of the monster is portrayed by Shelley as the monster inhabits in the cottage of the De Laceys. Here the monster is educated to the language of his fellow inhabitants who he reluctantly segregates himself due to being in doubt of acceptance from them. The monster begins his quest to understand the language of his company by observing their sound and actions. He says I found that these people possessed a method of communicating their experience and feelings to one another by articulate sounds. However we are also presented with the less able understanding of the monster as he struggles to understand the words connected with feeling such as good, dearest and unhappy. This once again clearly exposes the monster with human like intelligence since it needs to be able to experience feelings to be able to understand it. We are introduced to a new member of the family, an Arabian, who is unable to speak the language and thus is taught by her companions and at the same time the monster is able to educate himself as he eavesdrops between the holes in the walls separating his feeble habitation from the familys cottage. The monster learns all his facts and details of humans and logic by listening to the various texts and conversations of the De Lacey family. He says I obtained a cursory knowledge of history it gave me an insight to the different manners, governments and religions of the different nations of the earth. Shelley portrays the monsters thoughts and feelings at this new acquired knowledge in a very intense way. The monster begins to question the very being that he is what was I? I was, besides, endued with a figure hideously deformed and loathsome. Here we begin to see that the monster becomes evident of his deformity. From the beginning of the monsters tale to the very end we are introduced to the lonely figure and outcast to society that the monster exists as. The first evidence of the social disregard comes from Frankenstein himself, after he realises that he has created nothing but a monster, he abandons his creation and kicks him out of the lab. From then on the monster is faced with negligence from every human who he unfortunately appears in front of. The monster is very adamant at questioning himself to the reality to his being. He says And what was I? Of my creation and creator I was absolutely ignorant, here we begin to realise that the monster begins to get upset about his lonely being. This interrogation that the monster puts to him leads him to become upset and we see his emotions beginning to cloud his judgement. Was I then a monster, a blot upon the earth, from which all man fled, and whom all men disowned? the monster is able to understand his position in the human society here, as he examines the actual creature that he is presented as to humans.

Employee Motivation and Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry

Employee Motivation and Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry The hotel industry has long struggled to establish what truly makes hotel employees motivated and satisfied with their jobs. High employee turnover in the hotel industry is believed to be due to the nature of the work, its low pay, and its long working hours. Thus, to effectively address this turnover problem, employee motivation could be an on-going and critical issue for managers in hotel operations. (Chiang and Jang 2008) Chitiris (1990, 293) strongly emphasized the importance of motivation by stating that â€Å"Motivation is the prime determinant of behaviour at work and that high ability and high levels of job training will not result in high performance if the individual is completely de-motivated or under-motivated at work.† In addition to that, Lee-Ross (2005) elaborated on the significant connection between motivation in the workplace and practical organizational-based outcomes such as productivity, commitment, job satisfaction, intent to stay and burnout. According to Robbins et al. (2008, 180), motivation can be defined as â€Å"The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal.† Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries, and is generally the focus of motivation. However, high intensity is unlikely to bring favourable job-performance outcomes unless the effort is channelled in the right direction. Finally, the persistence dimension of motivation is a measure of how long a person can maintain effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. Fundamentally, Hackman and Oldham’s (1976) theory of motivation is concerned with â€Å"internal work motivation† whereby a continuous cycle of motivation happens within the employee. In other words, the more effort expended on a job, the more motivated they would become. (Chiang and Jang 2008; Lee-Ross 2005) While on the job, motivation is important for individuals. In some theories (e.g. expectancy or equity), researchers predict variations in the evaluations of motivational outcomes, for example, by using remuneration. However, the evaluation of remuneration is usually only one of many outcomes and is often measured with little accuracy. (Mitchell and Mickel 1999) The biggest challenge of employee motivation is that employees often motivate themselves, based on their perception of what they want to achieve and how they can achieve it. However, if managers are aware of what their employees want from work, they can design a work environment that accommodates employees’ needs and desires. At the same time, well-informed managers may be able to avoid common pitfalls that tend to reduce employee motivation. (Simons and Enz 1995) â€Å"If a company knows why its employees come to work on time, stay with the company for their full working lives, and are productive, then it might be able to ensure that all of its employees behave in that way† (Kovach 1987, 58). Such a company would naturally have a competitive advantage over competitors that may be suffering from high absenteeism and turnover rates, costly re-training programs, and production slowdowns. Wiley (1997) emphasized that in the case of the lack of ability in employees, appropriate training can be implemented; while altering the work environment to promote higher performance is the key in the event of environmental problems. However, if motivation is the problem, the solution would be more complicated and testing. For motivational problems, the best source of information would be the employees. Responses by employees regarding what ignites and sustains their desire to work may lead the employer to redesign jobs, increase pay, change the working environment, or give more credit for work done. The key is that managers should always avoid the assumption that what motivates them will motivate their employees as well. Riley, Ladkin, and Szivas (2002) cited in Taylor and Davies (2004) that the World Tourism Organization announced tourism and hospitality industry as the world’s largest industry sector. Despite the concern about accurately quantifying the definition of tourism as an industry, for employment estimation purposes, it is considered to be one and a half times larger than the next industry. The accommodation sector has continued to exhibit growth over the last few decades, although at various rates, and is forecasted to continue this growth both in development and employment numbers. Therefore, a huge number of employees in the hotel industry are employed on an hourly basis due to meet the highly seasonal industry demand. A review of the literature indicates that there are problems in the hotel industry such as inadequate pay, low job security, limited training and development opportunities, and excessive turnover. (Cheng and Brown 1998; Deery and Shaw 1999; Pizam and Thornburg 2000; Karatepe and Uludag 2007). There are also problems pertaining to unsocial work hours and workloads in the hotel industry. (Karatepe and Sokmen 2006; Rowley and Purcell 2001; Karatepe and Uludag 2007) The studies of Lee-Ross (1993) added that these problems in the hotel industry seemed to be more extreme in the seasonal or casual employment sector. Understanding hotel employees’ attitudes and motivations has therefore become a useful area of research in the industry. (Wong, Siu, and Tsang 1999) Weaver (1988) argued that hotel managers have experimented with various motivational theories and methods over the years to address the problem of declining productivity among their hourly employees. However, most of these experiments have had minimal success, because they are based on reward systems that have little meaning for hourly employees. If hotel managers are able to satisfy employees’ needs and wants by understanding their underlying motivations better, it will play a part in retaining and motivating hotel employees. This, in return, will improve customer satisfaction in the long run. (Wong, Siu, and Tsang 1999) Iverson and Deery (1997, 71) noted that â€Å"Turnover culture is best characterised as the acceptance of turnover as part of the workgroup norm.† Alternatively, it is a belief held by employees that turnover behaviour is quite appropriate especially in the hotel industry. In the hotel industry, employees strongly require intelligence, job knowledge and skills, and time management ability. However, without motivation, an employee will not advance in his or her career. (Wong, Siu, and Tsang 1999) The amount of effort an employee inputs toward achieving the hotel’s goals depends on whether the employee believes that this effort will lead to the satisfaction of his or her own needs and desires. When a need or desire is unsatisfied, a person tries to reduce the tension. From this straightforward approach to motivating employees, the key to facilitating motivation lies with managers’ accurate understanding of what their employees want from their work. (Simons and Enz 1995) A category of motivational models is based on the assumption that personal growth and achievement is the primary motivating force among employees. These models emphasize on giving one’s best efforts to grow and develop as an individual or to advance within the organization. This category of motivational theories includes Maslow’s theory of self-actualization, and Herzberg’s theory of maintenance factors and motivational factors. Maslow’s theory of self-actualisation has no relevance in the work environment of hourly employees. On the other hand, career-oriented and salaried employees are more likely to be motivated by assurances that the organization will provide opportunities to actualize their full potential. (Weaver 1988) In relation to that, Herzberg divided working conditions into two sets of factors: maintenance factors and motivational factors. According to Herzberg, company policies, technical supervision, interpersonal relationships, salary and status, job security, working conditions, and personal life are maintenance factors; while advancement, recognition, achievement, possibility for personal growth, responsibility, and the work itself are motivational factors. Herzberg believes that maintenance factors do not have the ability to motivate workers. Many hotel managers might agree with this argument, since their early years in the industry were most likely to be characterised by unfavourable maintenance factors, yet they continued their career due to the presence of Herzberg’s motivational factors. (Weaver 1988) Another argument of Herzberg’s two-factor theory, also known as the motivation-hygiene theory, divides need satisfactions into extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The extrinsic factors (e.g. salary, working conditions, and job security) lead to job dissatisfaction if not met; but will not necessarily contribute to job satisfaction when they are met. The intrinsic factors (e.g. work itself, achievement, and recognition) are the actual motivators; they fulfil an individual’s need for psychological growth. The extrinsic factors, on the other hand, merely prevent dissatisfaction. (Kovach 1987) Besides Maslow’s theory of self-actualization, the conditions of employment Herzberg views as motivational factors also do not apply to the work of hourly employees. In other words, hourly employees are less likely to be motivated by motivational factors that are related to personal growth and achievement. Weaver (1988, 41) stated that â€Å"Other models attempt to motivate employees by using psychological rewards or punishment, or try to increase employees’ commitment and productivity by generating a sense of team or family spirit within the organization.† These models may backfire instead since the overuse of threats or reprimands may serve as a strong force against motivation. â€Å"Hostile and distrusting supervisors can dramatically shape employees’ working conditions, and, for many employees, can diminish motivation levels,† argued Simons and Enz (1995, 23). McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and Ouchi’s Theory Z describe motivational approaches managers have employed specifically to motivate hourly employees (Weaver 1988). These theories are most likely to be applicable in the hotel industry due to its ever-changing, seasonal and labour-intensive nature. Theory X operates in the assumption that employees are lazy and have a strong dislike for work. Managers who agree with this view believe that employees will not be productive unless they are continually prompted and are punished by disciplinary action or the threat of dismissal for low productivity. (Weaver 1988) On the other hand, Weaver (1988) said that Theory Y is based on the assumption that an employee’s presence at the workplace indicates that he or she is willing to work. Proponents of Theory Y believe that guidance and positive feedback are sufficient to motivate hourly workers to work well. In recent years, many hotel groups have made a conscious change from Theory X to Theory Y management. This change should generally show positive results, since people respond better to encouragement and compliments than to prodding and punishment. However, employees may not always be willing to put out 100 percent effort just because their supervisor is being nice to them. In addition to that, Theory Z is based on the Japanese management model, which focuses on a strong company philosophy and a distinct corporate culture. Companies that develop a motivational model based on Theory Z try to convince employees that they are part of a team or family. Many hotels are starting to implement such motivational programmes in hope of cultivating a sense of family and loyalty within their employees. (Weaver 1988) Interestingly, Weaver (1988) found that hotel employees are often more sceptical than employees in most other industries. This may be due to the fact that they work in an environment where they see how people really behave when they are away from home. Hourly employees in the hotel industry are usually fully aware of what their interest are and are not easily motivated by programmes that they perceive as being unbeneficial and a waste of time. Lee-Ross (2005) stated that high motivation and subsequent job satisfaction can be achieved as long as an individual’s job contains sufficient â€Å"content† variables such as skill variety and challenge. He also argued that the other â€Å"process† school states that these positive outcomes depend not only on content variables, but also on how workers evaluate the pros and cons of undertaking a job. Motivation factors including pay, monetary rewards, opportunity for advancement and promotion have been examined in the hotel industry. Also, other motivation factors such as job responsibility, recognition from people, job challenge, feelings of accomplishment, and development of self-esteem have been identified important for hotel employees. (Chiang and Jang 2008; Wong, Siu, and Tsang 1999) The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic work motivation for hotel employees may also vary in comparison to employees in other industries due to their intensive labour work, low pay, image of low status and few opportunities for advancement (Chiang and Jang 2008). In moving across cultures, motivational preferences become even more diverse. The preferences of employees are expected to differ across nations and cultures. (Fisher and Yuan 1998) It is valuable to know exactly what employees value, and whether subgroups of employees have differing preferences, so that reward systems can be appropriately targeted. Often, superiors misperceive the relative importance of various job characteristics for their employees. â€Å"To the extent that they do (misperceive), they may adopt less than optimal motivation strategies because they misunderstand employees’ needs and wants.† (Fisher and Yuan 1998, 517) The lack of attachment or loyalty plays a large part in the high rate of turnover among hourly employees. It also accounts for the lack of success of motivational efforts based on company loyalty or the promise of career advancement and personal growth within a company. (Weaver 1988) In 1946, industrial employees were asked to rank ten â€Å"job reward† factors in terms of personal preference. The results were as follows: (Kovach 1987, 59) Full appreciation of work done; Feelings of being in on things; Sympathetic help with personal problems; Job security; Good wages; Interesting work; Promotion and growth in the organization; Personal loyalty to employees; Good working conditions; and Tactful discipline. By 1986, the list looked like this: Interesting work; Full appreciation of work done; Feeling of being in on things; Job security; Good wages; Promotion and growth in the organization; Good working conditions; Personal loyalty to employees; Tactful discipline; and Sympathetic help with personal problems. In addition to comparing the employees’ factor rankings, the survey that was done in 1986 analysed the employees’ responses by subgroups (e.g. age and income). The underlying assumption was that the motivational effectiveness of the factors might vary according to gender, age, income level, job type and/or organizational level. (Kovach 1987) The 40 years of studies done by Kovach shaped the belief held by many motivational programmes that money does not matter (Simons and Enz 1995). Industrial employees seem to place more emphasis on intrinsic motivational factors compared to wages. In addition to that, in 1946 and 1986, supervisors were asked to rank job rewards as they believed employees would rank them. Their rankings remained almost the same for both years: (Kovach 1987, 59) Good wages; Job security; Promotion and growth in the organization; Good working conditions; Interesting work; Personal loyalty to employees; Tactful discipline; Full appreciation of work done; Sympathetic help with personal problems; and Feeling of being in on things. The rankings show that supervisors have a very inaccurate perception of what motivates employees. Supervisors assumed that employees were strongly motivated by the extrinsic factors and benefits given by organizations, thus leading to a mismatch of remuneration components. However, in 1992, the replication done by Wiley (1997, 268) in hotel employees showed a completely different set of rankings: Good wages; Full appreciation of work done; Job security; Promotion and growth in the organization; Interesting work; Personal loyalty to employees; Good working conditions; Tactful discipline; Feeling of being in on things; and Sympathetic help with personal problems. This could be due to the fact that hotel employees differed substantially from industrial employees. This difference in rankings indicates the need for different managerial strategies for motivating hotel employees, relative to those used for industrial employees. Hotel employees ranked good wages first, which may be a result of the relatively low wages of service-sector jobs. (Simons and Enz 1995) In addition to that, a research done by Charles and Marshall (1992) showed that Caribbean hotel employees may not have the same motivational preferences as those in developed countries. Whereas wages have not been found to be an important motivator in similar research conducted in developed countries, they were ranked highest among this group of Caribbean employees. Proper motivation of employees is vital as it is directly related with productivity and retention. Employees who are contented with their jobs, who feel challenged, and who have the opportunity to fulfil their goals will exhibit less destructive behaviour on the job. They will also be absent less frequently, they will be less inclined to switch jobs, and, most importantly, they will be more efficient. (Kovach 1987) Considering the evident relationship between employee and customer satisfaction, different approaches have been experimented in the attempt to improve employee satisfaction. â€Å"Predictably, the list was led by compensation, although most anticipate this will become less important in the future. Employee recognition programmes, the opportunity for career advancement and exposure to training followed in order of impact.† (Cline 1997, 24) The concept that employees may prefer interesting work over good wages is interesting, but the early studies were based on employees in the manufacturing industries. It seems very likely that hospitality employees’ preferences would differ from those of manufacturing employees in important ways (Simons and Enz 1995) as it has been shown in the research done by Wiley in 1997. An interesting point of view by Siu, Tsang, and Wong (1997) explained that job factors that are considered by employees to have the greatest motivating power are usually those that are least present in the job. Thus, managers should identify this gap and implement appropriate changes in the attempt of meeting employees’ motivational expectations. The ever-changing nature of the hotel industry has created and reinforced a turnover culture. Employees generally enter the industry with the belief that there is limited career development and promotional opportunity (Iverson and Deery 1997). However, other job reward factors may be able to attract, motivate and retain hotel employees through proper implementation. When trying to motivate employees, managers often forget that the desire to perform the job must come from within the employee and not from the supervisor. The level and direction of effort are set by employees, based on their perceptions of the most effective method to satisfy their personal desires. Managers could take employees’ desires into account in creating an environment, where properly directed effort will give employees some form of satisfaction. For many hotel employees, this ultimate motivational catalyst may involve some form of cash incentive and opportunity for growth. For others, it will focus on job security and good working conditions. (Simons and Enz 1995) Essentially, the human element in the hotel industry forms the basic determining factor for effective performance. Therefore, hotel management should strive to increase employees’ interest in their work and develop organizational structure and management policies as to create positive work environment in which a wider range of employee needs could be satisfied. (Chitiris 1988) The survey on Kovach’s rankings of preferences of job reward factors was done by Wiley in 1997, where it was targeted specifically at hotel employees. An up-to-date comparison is deemed to be necessary especially with the current economic boom. The lack of current literature indicates that there is a gap in defining what really motivates hotel employees in comparison to what managers assume motivates employees these days. Also, different culture may affect the research findings if the survey was done in other countries, given that Riley’s research was conducted in USA. Reference List Charles, K. R., and L. H. Marshall. 1992. Motivational Preferences of Caribbean Hotel Workers: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 4 (3): 25-9. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=525003Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 12, 2008). Cheng, A., and A. Brown. 1998. 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International Journal of Hospitality Management 9 (4): 293-304. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBH-45TVDPD-V/1/dc3138d2b7584e8be5f3c816e654bd07 (accessed March 14, 2008). Cline, R. S. 1997. The Value of Human Capital. Lodging Hospitality, 20-4. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=18765546Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 5, 2008). Deery, M. A., and R. N. Shaw. 1999. An Investigation of the Relationship between Employee Turnover and Organizational Culture. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research 23 (4): 387-400. SAGE Journals Online. http://jht.sagepub.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/cgi/reprint/23/4/387 (accessed April 24, 2008). Fisher, C. D., and X. Y. Yuan. 1998. What Motivates Employees? A Comparison of US and Chinese Responses. International Journal of Human Resource Management 9 (3): 516-28. Business Source Premier. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=4220004site=ehost-live (accessed April 24, 2008). Hackman, J. R., and G. R. Oldham. 1976. Motivation Through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 16 (2): 250-79. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7J20-4D5WNG6-HR/1/726828b8101dd8bf872a39fa064ee2ad (accessed April 25, 2008). Iverson, R. D., and M. Deery. 1997. Turnover Culture in the Hospitality Industry. Human Resource Management Journal 7 (4): 71-82. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=23350547Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 20, 2008). Karatepe, O. M., and A. Sokmen. 2006. The Effects of Work Role and Family Role Variables on Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes of Frontline Employees. Tourism Management 27 (2): 255-68. 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ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=525107Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 4, 2008). Lee-Ross, D. 2005. Perceived Job Characteristics and Internal Work Motivation: An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Motivational Antecedents of Hotel Workers in Mauritius and Australia. The Journal of Management Development 24 (3): 253-66. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=858891291Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 13, 2008). Mitchell, T. R., and A. E. Mickel. 1999. The Meaning of Money: An Individual-Difference Perspective. Academy of Management Review 24 (3): 568-78. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/stable/pdfplus/259143.pdf (accessed April 24, 2008). Pizam, A., and S. W. Thornburg. 2000. Absenteeism and Voluntary Turnover in Central Florida Hotels: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Hospitality Management 19 (2): 211-7. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBH-4090RYJ-B/1/a2e01fb9e334ca2af9fdb3b5eddf8b08 (accessed April 26, 2008). Riley, M., A. Ladkin, and E. Szivas. 2002. Tourism Employment: Analysis and Planning. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Robbins, S. P., T. A. Judge, B. Millett, and T. Waters-Marsh. 2008. Organisational Behaviour. 5th ed. French Forest: Pearson Education Australia. Rowley, G., and K. Purcell. 2001. As Cooks Go, She Went: Is Labour Churn Inevitable? International Journal of Hospitality Management 20 (2): 163-85. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBH-42VV810-5/1/e8353302617abc7a391358b15a352284 (accessed April 26, 2008). Simons, T., and C. A. Enz. 1995. Motivating Hotel Employees: Beyond the Carrot and the Stick. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Feb 1995. 20-7. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?index=0did=4683502SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1209126970clientId=22212 (accessed March 7, 2008). Siu, V., N. Tsang, and S. Wong. 1997. What Motivates Hong Kongs Hotel Employees? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 38 (5): 44-9. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=18185362Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 17, 2008). Taylor, R., and D. Davies. 2004. Aspects of Training and Remuneration in the Accommodation Industry: A Comparison between Australian and Singaporean Providers. Journal of European Industrial Training 28 (6/7): 466-73. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=701328331Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 10, 2008). Weaver, T. 1988. Theory M: Motivating With Money. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Nov 1988. 40-5. ABI/INFORM Global. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?index=3did=274882SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1209009749clientId=22212 (accessed March 2, 2008). Wiley, C. 1997. What Motivates Employees According to Over 40 Years of Motivation Surveys. International Journal of Manpower 18 (3): 263-80. Business Source Premier. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=95395site=ehost-live (accessed April 24, 2008). Wong, S., V. Siu, and N. Tsang. 1999. The Impact of Demographic Factors on Hong Kong Hotel Employees Choice of Job-Related Motivators. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 11 (5): 230-41. http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=115921277Fmt=7clientId=22212RQT=309VName=PQD (accessed March 4, 2008).

Sports And Fascism In Italy History Essay

Sports And Fascism In Italy History Essay Like other totalitarian governments, the fascist regime had recognized the young as the future of the nation. The regime used sporting activities as a means to control the private life of its citizens and to spread fascist ideology. The sports policy during this era can be categorized into three phases. The first phase, which started from beginning of the regime in 1920s, considered sports a physical activity. During second phase, until about the end of 1930s, sport was used as a political propaganda. The third phase, in the late 1930s, sport activities were militarized. Emerging after the first World War, the first phase of sport use was to re-build the physical and political health and vitality of a population that had been badly weakened by battle wounds and rampant illnesses caused by exhaustion, overcrowding, and an unhygienic standard of living at the time. The second phase of sports in fascism evolved during the 1930s and is where Italy (and the rest of the world) saw the fruits of their labour on the international front by notable successes in world competitive sporting events. During the Los Angeles Olympics of 1932, for example, Italy won an astounding 12 Gold metals, coming second after the United States of America. They also won 2 World Cups (1930 and 1938), the Central European Cup for soccer, and the Tour de France in 1938 for cycling. Italian-American, Primo Carnera, prevailed as the world heavy weight title in boxing in the summer of 1933. During the same time, Minister of Aviation, Italo Balbo successfully flew the difficult North Atlantic crossing lading in Chicago. Balbo instantly became idolized for his heroic and patriotic charm and was recognized as the poster boy of Fascism only after Mussolini. Although Italy lost bids to host the Olympics themselves, they did leverage hosting other sporting opportunities to showcase t he beauty and sound urban structure of their city. They also built Foro Mussolini (Forum Mussolini) and an exhibition called Esposizione della pace (peace exhibition) which aims to commemorate the successes achieved by various Italian athletes. The objective for all these events were to not only to entertain and distract the general public, but also to psychologically combat their foes, while maintaining a unified and harmonious image on the surface. The final stage of the fascist integration with sports in Italy was the gradual transition from sports skills to military skills. The notion of uniforms, strict rules, obedience to hierarchy, and teamwork took a much more strategic presence in the physical education curriculum during the late 1930s. Since other totalitarian states were also making this transition, military games were introduced into the 1939 World University Championships held in Vienna. This studys aim is to analyze the connection between Fascism and sports in Italy between the first and second World War. I will look at the key players and various organizations that planned the strategic education and militarization of a new generation, and the impact this has played in the formation of beliefs and attitudes of Italians especially during their early childhood years. The Fascist regimes goal from the beginning when it came into power was to control the countrys youth according to the fascist ideologies. Children were easy targets because they are malleable and childhood was an easy and natural time to develop, absorb and assimilate. The fascist regime used a previously neglected subject, physical education, in schools to entrust physical and political education of Italians. Giovanni Gentile, a newly elected minster at the time, pioneered the necessary changes in the education system by radically reforming the structure and scope of the school system in 1923. In order to promote physical education and a fascist ideology, minister Giovanni Gentile handed over the physical education of the youth to an organization called the ENEF (Ente Nazionale per lEducazione Fisica-National Physical Education Board). ENEF was not successful in fulfilling the task in hand due to lack of sports equipment, exercise facilities, funding and instructors, so by 1927, ONB (Opera Nazionale Balilla-National Balilla Movement) took over this task. ONB was committed and dedicated to getting the new generation of the Italian youth in shape. ONB enrolled young male youth ranging age from six to eighteen, however, unfortunately, ten years later in 1937, there was another change in management, and GIL (Giovent Italiana del Littorio-Fascist Youth) took over this task. The young Italian males older than eighteen were involved in the GUF organization (Gruppi Universitari Fascisti-Fascist University Groups) and the ones waiting for military service joined the FGC (Fasci Giovanili di Combattimenti-Fascist Youth Combat Groups) or MVSN ((Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale-Voluntary Militia for National Security). Also, sports fans enrolled in any association, had to join the CONI (Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano-Italian Olympic Committee), which had been at the service of the PNF (Partito Nazionale Fascista-National Fascist Party) since 1926. OND (Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro-National After-Work Institute) controlled the working class and starting from birth, children were looked after by ONMI (Opera Nazionale Maternit e Infanzia-National Maternity and Child Welfare Institute), and the supreme, all powerful ruler was the Duce or more formally known as Benito Mussolini. Clearly both Mussolini and Gentile were incredibly strategic with the organizational flow of the penetration of politics into the Italian population. Every single phase of ones life cycle, starting from birth, to pre-school, to University, and worklife, were carefully categorized and allocated a specific political organization in which to dictate and teach the fascist political ideology. To improve the Italian race, from the early years of the regime, the goal was to improve the nations physical health. In a speech Ascension Day delivered on May 26 1927, Mussolini stated that in the past the state was not concerned with the nations health which leads the nation to suicide. Mussolini stated that in a well-ordered state,peoples health must be a priority, and that they must watch over the destiny of the Italian race with great seriousness. The programs put in place by the regime included to reduce premature death and illness, support for maternity and childhood, and the physical education of the youth. These measures over time showed a decrease in mortality rate and an increase in population, whom were stronger mentally and physically (7). The regimes goal to strengthen the race concerned both men and women. Men were required to develop physically and morally by being healthy and physically active which would make them into good comrades ready to sacrifice themselves for the Fascist creed. Women, on the other hand, needed to be healthy so that they could give birth to healthy children and moral strength to breed true Fascists of the future. Besides being good mothers, women actively participated in the 1936 Olympics and unexpectedly even won a gold medal. Trebisonda Valla was victorious in the 80-metre hurdle race. This was a huge accomplishment given that women werent even trained for the prior Olympics of 1932. From the 1920s onwards, military training was organized, and the aim of the regime was to form an armed nation (17) whose citizens and soldiers were one. The State paid meticulous attention to pre-military training of its youth. From 1919 to 1922, all youth groups were active and were controlled by the fascist party (18). In 1926, the ONB was established and its goal was to include their members within the states legal system. The aim of the ONB was the physical and moral assistance and education of the young. 19 An objective expressed forcefully in the words of the Duce himself: Our duty has to be education and teaching. These children must be educated in our religious beliefs but we need to integrate this education, we need to give these children a sense of virility, of power, of conquest, above all we need to inspire them with our beliefs and awake in them our hopes. 20 The ONBs educational activities were grouped into three categories (25): activities that were to be integrated into the school curriculum or into cultural training; military preparation; sports and gymnastics.'(26) These were considered a fascist moral education and built future model citizens with pure fascist spirits, ideologically pure fathers and mothers, soldiers and child-bearers of the future Italian Race. The ONB was directly under the control of Mussolini and was headed by Renato Ricci. The foundation of ONB aimed to assist both male and female children, but in 1929, it only admitted girls. The children aged 6 to 18 were divided into Balilla and Piccole Italiane aged 6 to 13 and Avanguardisti and Giovani Italiane (14 to 18 years old). The division of children in groups were based on military grouping. The first group was the squad, made up of 11 young people and a squad-leader; three squads formed a manipolo or platoon, and three of these formed a centuria (i.e. a body of 100). Three centurie became a cohort, and finally a legion was formed from three cohorts. The various divisions were organized by the officers of the MVSN (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale-Voluntary Militia for National Security). 29 To protect the monopoly of ONB, a decree was issued in 1927 which forbade any other organization that claimed to promote the physical, mortal or spiritual education or professional training of the young (30). This decree caused suspension and termination of all Catholic, Socialist and Communist sporting organization. Even CONI which was under fascist party control could not promote sports activities for children under the age of 18. ONB used schools as a source of recruitment. Eventually all activities that were once undertaken by ENEF were transferred to ONB with the full approval of Fascist government. The fascist were criticized that the education minister had neglected the aspect of physical education which develops personal courage and military skills. Mussolini adopted the slogan, books and muskets, perfect Fascist which meant that education of the young should include military training, believing that this form of education teaches the youth to live dangerously. Young people were trained to become future soldiers. The exercises adapted to the childrens age and situation instilling in them fascist ideology and by getting the children used to living outside the family and following a militarized life style (37). Eventually, tens of thousands of youth were participating in set marches and other organized sports competitions. These events, especially the marches, served as a testament of the success of the values, skills and dedication the regime sought to achieve. Fascism had begun to crumble in 1938, when Mussolini supported the Anschluss of Austria, and further still when he declared war on Britain and France, and the eventual start of the Second World War Mussolini succeeded on creating a new nation that was truly Fascist. He used sports, of all things, to successfully promote a Fascist ideology on the culture and upbringing of an entire generation. Blah blah blah blah blah ADD 2-3 Lines to finish the essay off.

Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: Misdirected Anger Depicted -- Toni Morris

Misdirected Anger Depicted in The Bluest Eye In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison shows that anger is healthy and that it is not something to be feared; those who are not able to get angry are the ones who suffer the most.   She criticizes Cholly, Polly, Claudia, Soaphead Church, the Mobile Girls, and Pecola because these blacks in her story wrongly place their anger on themselves, their own race, their family, or even God, instead of being angry at those they should have been angry at: whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pecola Breedlove suffered the most because she was the result of having others' anger dumped on her, and she herself was unable to get angry.   When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house.   Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her.   Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions she once thought were beautiful.   However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame.   Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her:   "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed.   And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205).   They felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards... ...(than shame).   There is a sense of being in anger.   A reality of presence.   An awareness of worth"(50).   the blacks are not strong, only aggressive; they are not compassionate, only polite; they were not good, but well behaved; they substituted good grammar for intellect, and rearranged lies to make them truth(205).   Most of all, they faked love where felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger.   Toni Morrison tells this story to show the sadness in the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their blackness instead of on whites who cause their misery.   Although they didn't know this, "The Thing to fear(and thus hate) was the Thing that made her beautiful, and not us"(74), whiteness.   Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. Afterward by Toni Morrison. New York: Penguin, 1994.

The Sickness Unto Death According to Kierkegaard Essay -- existencialis

1. Kierkegaard believes that truth is only a subjective process. Truth only exists from the subjective existing of the individual and cannot be found in a complete system. Objective truth to Kierkegaard is a simply an idea created by the illusion of subjective existence that one can have complete and true objective knowledge of something that exists out in the world. This is evident when he states, â€Å"In the objective sense, thought is understood as being a pure thought; this corresponds in an equally abstract-objective sense to its object, which object is therefore the thought itself, and truth becomes correspondence of thought with itself. This objective thought has no relation to the existing subject† (31). When Kierkegaard states that â€Å"truth is subjectivity† and the â€Å"truth of subjectivity is faith† he is arguing that since there can never be objective truth, all one can do is turn inward and focus on existential being. Once one turns their focus inward they can they find the real truth of their existence, and that existence is the action relational happening of relating of oneself to oneself, and to God. 2. The knight of infinite resignation to Kierkegaard is one who has realized the loss of all meaning in life. They have accepted the world as something that is beyond their objective understanding and have infinitely resigned themselves of any search for meaning and have achieved a sort of peace which can only come from the loss of all hope for escape. Kierkegaard argues that road to the knight of faith only goes through the knight of infinite resignation. Only by infinitely resigning oneself to the loss of all meaning can one take the next action of taking the leap of faith. The knight of faith takes focuses internally on... ...le are given the freedom to find meaning, and in freedom there is great despair and suffering as people search for existential meaning. In the story the Grand Inquisitor is angry at Jesus for his choice to grant freedom and despair to everyone and argues that his new church is more godlike because he is taking away freedoms. By doing so he will make them slaves, but grant them peace, and in so doing give them meaning so they will not live in the despair of knowing freedom. The claim that, â€Å"man does not live by bread alone†¦ but only the one who works gets it [bread]†, would synthesize the idea that people cannot find existential-meaning through the fulfillment of only temporal desires. However, if one works at continually making the leap of faith and understands the proper mode of be-ing, one will find the metaphoric/spiritual bread which satisfies their despair.

Personality Disorders

Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders Written Assignment 5: Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders and Identifying the Three Clusters into Which Most Personality Disorders are Grouped By: Keturah Albright Abnormal Psychology HDV-284074-01X-10FA2 Professor/ Instructor: Jonathan Gibralter Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders Personality disorder is defined as, gradual development of inflexible and distorted personality and behavioral patterns that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world. p. 431Butcher, James N. ) It is important to understand the meaning of personality disorder, in order to properly diagnosing a person. Society tends to place this label on individuals who they feel display characteristics resembling a â€Å"personality disorder’. There are three clusters in which personality disorders are placed in. Cluster A: Consists of paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal person ality disorders. People with these disorders often seem odd or eccentric, with unusual behavior ranging from distrust and suspicious to social detachment.Cluster B: Includes histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders share a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic. Cluster C: Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. In Contrast to the other two clusters, people with these disorders often show anxiety and fearlessness. (p 342, Butcher, James N. ) There are some ways in which these three clusters of personality disorders can be compared.All three clusters have personality disorders that would have the person to focus on the needs of themselves and no one else, their needs come first and for most and they may feel justified by their actions. Most of these individuals are said to suffer from, â€Å"chronic interpersonal difficulties and problems with one’s identity or s ense of self. †(p. 341, Butcher, James N. )All three clusters of personality disorders tend to have individuals who lack the ability to function normally in society on a consistent basis.All three clusters mentally have a great false sense of reality that causes them to act in a defensive/protective manner. As well as most of the clusters have symptomatic impulsive behavior. Commonly all three clusters can be treated with some type of therapy. There are also contrasting behavior that defines the different clusters. Cluster A: Feels as though others are mistreating them or taking advantage of them, while Cluster B: bring about physical harm to others with no remorse.Cluster C: Has a need for others to take a lead role in there life for major things, while Cluster B: Seeks to exploit others. Also, Cluster A: Has odd believes and magical thinking that they take confidence in, and Cluster B: Has a fear of being left alone to fend for themselves. In all there are things that can be compared and contrasted with Clusters: A, B, and C, but the main thing to understand is that all of them are real personality disorders that with the proper guidance can be managed with some type of therapy (and depending on the severity, medication as well).Personality disorders if not properly diagnosed could cause great harm to the individual as well as the society in which they live. Reference Butcher, James N. , Mineka, Susan and Hooley, Jill M. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Abnormal Psychology, DVD 105, CDL Course 284074 http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/294307 [pic][pic][pic]

Social Evils of India

India, the cradle of civilization, is now beset with a number of social evils. They are so numerous that one shudders to think of them. There have been social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Maharishi Daya Nand and Swarni Shradhanand. They fought against social evils but these evils were so deep-rooted that try as they did some of them persist to this day. We may first take the position of women. Women do not enjoy a social position equal to that of men. The constitution does allow them equal status with men but it is all on paper.In practice they do not enjoy this equality. They are still treated as inferior to men. In villages which practically constitute seventy percent of the population, women are treated as second class citizens. Although they have been granted the right of voting, yet in practice they are still under the thumb of their men. They are mostly illiterate. In cities, however, they enjoy better status. We have teachers, professors doctors, lawyers, ministers and h igh officials and it is expected that with their education they would rise still high.Of course, it is a small fraction of women but with the spread of education it is expected that their condition would improve and they would work shoulder to shoulder with men. Another great evil is the dowry system. A man with a number of daughters is a cursed creature. Whatever he has is given away in marriages and he becomes a pauper. The dowry system has done a great harm to the social growth of Indian life. A man with a number of daughters has to sell his property or borrow money at a high rate of interest so that he might give a dowry to his daughter.In case he fails to do so his daughter has to hear taunts and harassment to such an extent that the poor girl is forced to end her life. Everyday we hear of the burning of young brides because of this harassment from their in laws or husbands. The sooner this social evil is removed, the better it will be for all concerned. Another great evil whic h is the bane of Indian life is child marriage. Marriage is a sacred institution and the persons going in for matrimony should be of marriageable age and not that either the girl is married to an old men or she is married at an age when she does not understand what arriage is. We hear of this social evil prevalent in Rajasthan where girls are married off at an age when they do not understand what marriage is. Some of them become widows before they know that they had been married off. A total war against these and a few other evils like drinking and smoking is of utmost necessity. There is legislation against these evils but they can be effectively checked only if the people decide to check them.

Ozorian

THE DAILY NEWSPAPER OF THE OZORIAN TRIBE ozorafestival. eu NOVEMBER 2012 MONTHLY ONLINE EDITION Lost statue finds way back home Mission complete: Luke Brown’s sculpture is back By mtrxism Last month we had to tell you the unfortunate news that the statue of Luke Brown – one of the greatest psychedelic artist alive – had been stolen at O. Z. O. R. A. from the Looney Moon Art Gallery.Not long after the newspaper had come out, we got wonderful news from Looney Moon: „Today the Ozorian Prophet has given us back the sculpture, ‘cause the guy that bought it from the one who stole it already got in contact with Luke and he’s gonna give back the sculpture in the next few days. Guys did a good job with the article:-) Thanx a lot really† You are very welcome, guys! We share your happiness! FRESH RELEASES CREATING MAGIC The movie ‘Magic Garden 2012 @ O. Z. O. R. A. ’ is out Psytrance above all Psychedelic Musical Superiority By Chemical Over the past few years a seemingly never-ending debate about music has been present among the members of our community. The dispute usually derives from a disagreement concerning our treatment of musical styles outside of our own personal taste, and more importantly, our attitude towards the opinion and taste of others that deviates from our own. First of all, what do we consider psychedelic? Do we make distinctions between musical genres according to their „psychedelicness? † How do we treat different subgenres? How do we approach electronic musical styles other than trance that have ome psychedelic quality? Are they – in a way – subordinate to trance? Does some kind of hierarchy exist according to the assumed „psychedelicness† of genres? Continues on page 2 ASTROLOGY DISCUSSION PHOTOS: KRISZTIAN PAMUKI The more than a half of an hour long film about the Ozorian Magic Garden consists of four chapters. The first is a mood-journey through the Ma gic Garden, from the gates to the big stage. The second and third shortly show the months of Art Camp, followed by the months of building and creating. The last chapter is about a Magic Garden day during the festival.All this in a music video style, spiced with short interview inserts in which we can hear the garden builders, designers, the program organizers, as well as Andras Feldmar, Viktor Kubiszyn, and others†¦ Enjoy the magic moments!!! By sue It’s all about music Music continues on page 2 GOA – 20 YEARS OF PSYCHEDELIC CULTURE Magic Garden 2012 @ O. Z. O. R. A. Festival Filmed and edited by: Krisztian Pamuki, Labormedia Workshop Additional footage: Peter Busak, Levente Kolcsey-Gyurko, Daniel Szandtner, Csaba Antal Interviews: Peter Muller, Csaba Mata, Peter Busak, Marton Szuhay, Levente Kolcsey-GyurkoUntil we can gather in front of the huge speakers of our majestic Ozorian dancefloor again lift your spirits with the best Psytrance in winter time and check ou t what our artists have been up to! November 13: Total Solar Eclipse By Peter Antal Forecast October November The roots of psychedelic trance The psychedelic revolution never stopped. It just had to travel halfway around the world to a deserted beach at the end of a dirt road where it was allowed to mutate and evolve without government or media pressures until a new paradigm was achieved: the Goa state of mind.By Goa Gil Edited by Michael McAteer The 1960s in San Francisco, where I grew up, was a unique space and time. All of us there were experiencing something indescribably new. Most of all, psychedelic music had exploded into our consciousness and had changed us forever. It seemed as though a new dawn had broken all over the world†¦ and if San Francisco was any indication, the dawn was Cosmic. But by the end of the summer of 1969, while the Woodstock nation was on suburban TV sets, the bubble had burst, the magic had faded, and something special had been lost.It was during t his time that many of us decided to take our trip on the road. We wanted to test our â€Å"headspace† in the lands which had influenced our thought so deeply. It was the East – and most of all India – where our tribe collectively headed. Continues on page 3 In the coming month, Saturn continues its recently commenced passage through Scorpio, which will last approximately 3 years. The topics uncovered will include money, sharing resources, letting go, self-discovery and intimacy. Motives, ethics and values are and should be questioned to readjust our directions, beliefs and purposes.Life requires us to make choices and decisions. We need to progress and pursue our spiritual journey†¦ Continues on page 3 2 FASHION NEWS FRESH RELEASES Total Eclipse inspired beauty It’s all about music Continued from 1 E-CLIP’s newest single Troublemaker just came out 1st October on Iono. Once a drummer in hardcore bands the serbian producer formerly known as Beyo ndecliptica definitely brought his Full-on vibes along when starting the new Progressive project. You can expect strict tempo, tight rythms and of course those classic Goa melodies to magically power up any daytime dancefloors.To up the tempo a bit we must not forget about SOUTHWILD who has got his debut album released also this summer on the UK label Wildthings. The former member of legendary Rastaliens project is into twisted Night Full-on vibes with the new solo venture. Bubbling synths, ever rolling basslines and mysterious atmospheres enchant on Synthology album, which also includes a versus track with Ajja. Listen to it loud! PHOTO: BALINT TRUNKO By novishari One of the world’s most prestigious hairdressing events and competitions, the 30th Alternative Hair Show was held last week in the Royal Albert Hall in London.This year one of our sisters, the two time Hungarian hairdressing champion, Koczka also took part in the event. She was an International Visionary Award fina list of the ‘Main Event’ in London. Koczka has commented the following about her work: „My inspiration comes from the first Ozora Festival where thousands of people gathered to witness the total eclipse of the sun together. I envisaged a beautiful, freckled redhead as a symbol of the world’s beauty that we can thank to the vividness of humanity. † Congratulations Koczka, lots of love! DISCUSSION Deeply Activating Groove† as the Australian calls his own music is an apt phrase indeed. Having appeared several times on Sensient’s Zenon Records as well MERKABA is now running his own label where his latest full-length album was also released this summer. Language of Light is a real trippy dialogue of sounds where each shred of melody feels like being in its exact right place surrounded by hypnotic effects and atmospheres. If you are a Dark Progressive lover and haven’t checked this out yet, it’s about time. Just the way you should listen to the new Nano Records monster: an AVALON remix album.The Remixes Volume One came out end of September with reworks of Avalon’s top originals made by Tristan, Dickster, Loud and a lot of others including Lucas from T. I. P. World or Mindfold, the joint venture of Materia and Brainiac. sue Psytrance Above All Musical Superiority Within The Psychedelic Cultural Frame What is real psychedelic? Full-On, Darkpsy, Progressive, Downtempo, Goa, Twilight, Morning, Psycore, Techno, Techtrance, Forest, Zenonesque, Experimental, Deep Trance, Psy Dub, Minimal, Suomi, Classic, Glitch, Ambient – discuss in the social media –Let an example stand here of the continuously resurfacing, sometimes accepting, sometimes downright harsh, but definitely thought-provoking discussions. A: minimal is not psy! B: Sometimes it is†¦ and what is psy is a very personal perception†¦ AND this is not minimal†¦ C: Silly A. Psychedelic can be anything really. Perfect Stranger is anything but minimal. He is a true psychedelic artist. 145bpm with lazer noises is definitely not „psy† either. One of the most psychedelic artists at Ozora was actually Deadbeat at the chill stage.His stuff is so deep and psychedelic, but definitely not psytrance. More like minimal psydub/techno, but way more „psy† than most of the trance artists on the main stage. But it’s all good music and music is always subjective. If you don’t like the sound of someone, then go for a walk, go take a nap, go get arrested for holding up a sign Whatever. But don’t expect that all the music should sound the same all the time, especially when 20,000 other people are having a blast on the dancefloor! Source: PHOTO: BOBBY C. ALKABESContinued from 1 It seems to be a very tricky question, especially if we keep in mind that we are talking about music within the frame of psychedelic subculture, which more or less involves progression, openness, and libera lism. Is it possible that a paradoxical situation, a kind of musical superiority has evolved despite these basic concepts that permeates the ideological back ground of the psychedelic community? What aspect of music throws you into a trance-like state of mind is up to you and your own personal taste.It can be the fast, repetitive drums of darkpsy, the frisky, vivid sound effects of full on, the deep, perpetual soundscapes of psybient or even the slow, deep pulsation of progressive psy. You are even likely to attach a psychedelic quality to any other kind of musical genre – even to some that are not included in a line up like that of O. Z. O. R. A. We could even consider the possibility that the listener has an active role in the process, that the „psychedelicness† of music (at least partly) depends on him/her, and it is not necessarily involved or defined by the sounds music is built up of.This seems to be the reason why it is such a subjective observation, and th at is why the notion of psychedelic electronic music varies so significantly from person to person. It is up to us how we treat these differences. Chemical Ozora Festival Official 3 ASTROLOGY Forecast October November Continued from 1 Our personal relationships will be the main area of focus and deep-rooted problems may come to the surface, which might require attention. This can be anything from power-fights, imbalances (emotional-financial) and the lack of intimacy.This will be especially true between 29 Oct and 7 Nov when Venus will join the Uranus-Pluto square, bringing issues to a very personal level. Mercury turning retrograde may further intensify this effect – Mercury will be seemingly moving backwards – from 7-27 Nov and will be squaring Neptune for most of this time. Things to watch for include misunderstandings, self-delusions, lying to oneself and others, deceptions, convincing oneself that everything is fine when in fact that might not be thie case. The ot her side to this is the spiritualizing effect, however mixing various practices andAs we wrote last month we know for sure that you like surprises – but we’re also certain that you like teasers too! So, here are some of the names that will definitely be present sometime between August 6 and 13 at the O. Z. O. R. A. Festival in 2013. Growin’ LINE UP NEWS PHOTO: PETER NEMESHAZI the lack of clear boundaries and the over-abundance of unclear teachings may confuse us at this time. The keyword of the month is: DISCRIMINATION. As Rudolf Steiner (founder of Spiritual Science) said: â€Å"Don’t accept anything you haven’t understood and don’t reject anything you haven’t understood. Mercury retrogrades happen three times a year and have a definite cycle. Here comes the interesting part. The exact Mercury retrogrades we experience this month will be in the exact same signs and same degrees and the same calendar days of 1933. The question is, wh at took place at that time which has some similarity to our inner lives today? Helpful aspects (from Chiron and Neptune) are also present to guide and heal wounds of the past, and help may come from places least expected and change can be brought forward by opening up and embracing our fears honestly even if this seems frightening.A total Solar Eclipse will take place on 13 November, 2012 at 21 degrees and 57 minutes of Scorpio, which will most significantly affect people who are born with personal planets and points at about 17 to 27 degrees of Scorpio or the other Fixed signs Taurus, Leo and Aquarius. At such times changes take place in our lives depending on the house position of the eclipse in our own natal chart and on the planet it hits. The Sabian Symbol for this degree of the Zodiac is: OBEYING Hux Flux Braincell Hypogeo Mirror System Giuseppe Stay tuned for more info!VISUAL NEWS HIS CONSCIENCE, A SOLDIER RESISTS ORDERS†¦ – We should listen to the ever growing ca ll of our CONSCIENCE because it is the sound of our spirit guiding us towards the right path. Paint It Up! Videomapping: Anonim Flow http://astrology. hu By Peter Antal GOA – 20 YEARS OF PSYCHEDELIC CULTURE The roots of psychedelic trance playing and singing my songs wherever I went†¦ songs which seemed to come to me from deep in the universe, channeled through the Kundalini that I was awakening with my Yoga Sadhana. PHOTO: VISUAL POWER It was paradiseIn this way, many of us had begun to create a special mix of East and West, absorbing the spiritual traditions of India into our music, art and ideas. In my case, I was fusing my music with yogic energy. This combination, which in the beginning came from an acoustic guitar and an electrified Kundalini, helped to spark the first full moon parties. Soon, our passion led us to form bands, get electric sound equipment, and set up a stage on the beach. We also began to DJ. We would DJ the music of our times†¦ it would be a mix of rock, rhythm and blues, jazz, and fusion: everything and anything from our hippie musical history.It wasn’t until the 1980s with the introduction of â€Å"wave music,† â€Å"body music,† etc. that these earliest forms of techno began to fill the DJ sets, eventually becoming full nights of electronic dance music. The Visual Power’s international virtual buildingpainting competition PAINT UP!  ® was organized in Budapest this month. The videomapping competition and the finals of the happening took place at one of Budapest’s most beautiful landmarks, the Heroes’ Square where the participants painted up the building of the Museum of Fine Arts before more than ten thousand people.To our great happiness and pride, one of the finalists was Pumpui’s audio-visual live resident, Tamas Kantor aka Pentatone aka Anonim Flow with his project called History. Nice job Tamas, respect! PHOTO: GOA GIL The bubble had burst, the magic had faded C ontinued from 1 Like so many others, I got a one way ticket to Europe and headed overland to find my destiny. Soon, I was on the beaches of Goa. At that time, there were no bikes, no rickshaws, and no restaurants. There was nothing except the beach, some locals, and a small tribe of hippies. It was paradise.But Goa wasn’t all that we discovered in India. Most of us also travelled all over, becoming deeply influenced by the culture we found. In my own case, I began to meet Sadhus, to smoke and talk and travel with them, and before long I had met my Guruji in Kashmir, embraced the practice of Yoga, and had become a Sadhu myself. But even as a Sadhu, my love of music never left me. I began traveling with a guitar, returning every winter to Goa, To be continued Goa Gil / Michael McAteer Get GOA: 20 Years of Psychedelic Trance via www. goabook. net 4 Press ReviewThere's a whole page O. Z. O. R. A. 2012 review in the new mushroom magazine by the magazine's editor and author Tom Rom . He’s also known as the author and editor of psychedelic publications such as Psy Traveller, the Trancers Guide to the Galaxy, the Goa – 20 Years of Psychedelic Trance book, and he is the co-founder of the Austrian Sonnenklag Festival. He spent the whole week at the Valley during the Festival, so he has a clear and extensive picture of the 2012 happenings. In his objective report, very wisely and objectively, he talks about the ‘loss of O.Z. O. R. A. ‘s virginity'. He starts his article saying: „The name Ozora stood for a living anarchy in terms of psychedelic substances and a police-free zone since 1999. This is over now as the Hungarian police conducted a massive disproportioned raid against some international big drug dealers involving several hundreds of policemen. (†¦T)he action was adressed to the big dealers as they showed up at most of the other big music festivals as well. † u And he concludes the topic: „As the Hungarian Mi nistry of the Interior recently announced,Ozora will come alive again in 2013 if the Hungarian laws will be respected next year. Anarchy is over but freedom remains. † In his article he also points out the great progress the Magic Garden has made with a more colorful and varied choice of cultural programs than ever before. You can read the whole article in the mushroom magazine. Respect to Tom Rom and mushroom magazine – We couldn’t have expressed it in a better or more correct way. – olrajt – Ozorian Prophet Facebook Page is up and running! rom now you can also find the articles here, after each issue comes out.We really wanted to have a platform where you can share your ideas on the various news, articles, thoughts – and because more than 57,000 people liked the O. Z. O. R. A. Festival Official Facebook Page, this seemed to be the best decision. Let’s make Ozorian Prophet interactive – we hope many of you you will comment on t he articles and contribute your thoughts so that the Ozorian Prophet and naturally, the O. Z. O. R. A. Festival can serve our brother and sisterhood society better and better as we strengthen together. Subscribe and stay tuned!Publisher: Daniel & Arpad Zimanyi Editor-in-chief: – olrajt – Managing Editor: novishari Supervisor: Wegha Andere Authors: Tom Rom Reka Sas aka Chemical mtrixism Sue Layout: Henzi VidekiBela Logo: Seboe F-K Design: torojo Photographers: Ildiko Repaczky Peter Nemeshazi gotticon. freeweb. hu bobbyalkabes. com Gabor Gottwald nemeshazi. com Bobby C. Alkabes Ivan Herczeg Co-work: Tamas Berces Astrology: Peter Antal PHOTO: PETER NEMESHAZI Comics: novishari torojo – olrajt – Special thanks to: dr. Sally M. Torkos prof. Bela Torkos http://astrology. hu